of top Instagram before/after posts for facial surgery are biased toward the result.
Different lighting, pose, expression, makeup and hair between the “before” and the “after”.
Only a quarter of 567 facelift before/after posts met high photo-quality standards.
The rest exaggerate the improvement through inconsistent photography.
of facial plastic surgeons now see patients who want to look like their selfies.
Up from 55% in 2017. Filtered faces have become the reference picture.
“Poor aesthetic outcome” is the top reason for negative plastic-surgery reviews.
Named in 49.3% of negative reviews — usually the gap between expectation and result.
Regulators are already reacting.
Governments now treat manipulated body images as a consumer-protection problem.

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